Ossetia became part of the Mountain ASSR in 1921 and was renamed into North Ossetia only in 1924. Modern North Ossetia corresponds to "Ossia" (Ossetia) in the North Caucasus. Colton, showing the territory of modern South Ossetia within Georgia and Imeria. See also: Georgian–Ossetian conflict and Georgia–Russia relations History Fragment of the 1856 map by J. In 2022, the International Criminal Court issued arrest warrants for three Russian nationals because of war crimes against ethnic Georgians during the conflict. In 2021, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that Russia maintained "direct control" over the separatist regions and was responsible for grave human rights abuses taking place there. While many returned to their homes after the war, 20,272 people, mostly ethnic Georgians, remained displaced as of 2014. Russian international relations were largely unharmed. Russia mostly completed its withdrawal of troops from undisputed parts of Georgia on 8 October. Russia recognised the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia from Georgia on 26 August and the Georgian government severed diplomatic relations with Russia. The South Ossetians destroyed most ethnic Georgian villages in South Ossetia and were responsible for an ethnic cleansing of Georgians. Russian forces temporarily occupied the Georgian cities of Zugdidi, Senaki, Poti and Gori, holding on to these areas beyond the ceasefire. Nicolas Sarkozy, the President of France, personally negotiated a ceasefire agreement on 12 August. An information war was also waged during and after the conflict. This was the first war in history in which cyber warfare coincided with military action. The Russian air force attacked targets both within and beyond the conflict zone. Russian naval forces blockaded part of the Georgian Black Sea coastline. Russian and Abkhaz forces opened a second front by attacking the Kodori Gorge held by Georgia. Russian and South Ossetian forces fought Georgian forces in and around South Ossetia for several days, until Georgian forces retreated. Russia falsely accused Georgia of committing " genocide" and "aggression against South Ossetia" -and launched a full-scale land, air and sea invasion of Georgia, including its undisputed territory, on 8 August, referring to it as a " peace enforcement" operation. Some Russian troops had illicitly crossed the Georgia–Russia border through the Roki Tunnel and advanced into the South Ossetian conflict zone by 7 August before the Georgian military response. To put an end to these attacks, Georgian army units were sent into the South Ossetian conflict zone on 7 August and took control of most of Tskhinvali, a separatist stronghold, within hours. Intensifying artillery attacks by the South Ossetian separatists broke a 1992 ceasefire agreement. On 1 August 2008, the Russian-backed South Ossetian forces started shelling Georgian villages, with a sporadic response from Georgian peacekeepers in the area. Relations reached a full diplomatic crisis by April 2008, when NATO promised to consider Georgia's bid for membership. Following the election of Vladimir Putin in Russia in 2000 and a pro-Western change of power in Georgia in 2003, relations between Russia and Georgia began to deteriorate. A similar stalemate developed in the region of Abkhazia, where Abkhaz separatists had waged a war in 1992–1993. In 1992, a joint peacekeeping force of Georgian, Russian, and Ossetian troops was stationed in the territory. However, fighting between Georgia and separatists left parts of the former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast under the de facto control of Russian-backed but internationally unrecognised separatists. The Republic of Georgia declared its independence in April 1991 following a referendum during the dissolution of the Soviet Union. It is regarded as the first European war of the 21st century. The fighting took place in the strategically important South Caucasus region. The war took place in August following a diplomatic crisis between Russia and Georgia, both formerly constituent republics of the Soviet Union. The 2008 Russo-Georgian War was a war between Russia, alongside the Russian-backed self-proclaimed republics of South Ossetia and Abkhazia, and Georgia.
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